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''Salvia divinorum'' (also known as sage of the diviners,〔Medana et al. 2005, p. 131.〕 ska maría pastora,〔Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p. 288.〕 seer's sage,〔 yerba de la pastoraand just salvia) is a psychoactive plant which can induce visions and other altered and spiritual experiences. Its native habitat is in cloud forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico, where it grows in shady and moist locations.〔〔Valdes 1987, p. 106.〕 The plant grows to over a meter high,〔 has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. Botanists have not determined whether ''Salvia divinorum'' is a cultigen or a hybrid; native plants reproduce vegetatively, rarely producing viable seed.〔Marushia 2002, p. 3.〕〔 Mazatec shamans have a long and continuous tradition of religious use of ''Salvia divinorum'', using it to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions.〔Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p. 287.〕 Most of the plant's local common names allude to the Mazatecs' post-Columbian belief that the plant is an incarnation of the Virgin Mary, with its ritual use also invoking that relationship. Its chief active psychoactive constituent is a structurally unique diterpenoid called ''salvinorin A'',〔Prisinzano 2006, p. 527.〕〔Imanshahidi & Hosseinzadeh 2006, p. 430.〕 a potent κ-opioid and D2 receptor agonist.〔〔Seeman et al. 2009.〕 ''Salvia divinorum'' is generally understood to be of low toxicity (high )〔〔Grundmann 2007.〕 and low addictive potential〔〔 since it is a κ-opioid agonist and a great deal of research has indicated that κ-opioid agonist activation of the kappa opioid receptor as shown by salvia may, in fact, serve as a potent addiction treatment therapy. ''Salvia divinorum'' remains legal in most countries and, within the United States, is legal in the majority of states. However, some have called for its prohibition. While not currently regulated by US federal drug laws, several states have passed laws criminalizing the substance.〔 Some proposed state bills have failed to progress and have not been made into law (with motions having been voted down or otherwise dying in committee stages). There have not been many publicized prosecutions of individuals violating anti-salvia laws in the few countries and states in which it has been made illegal. ==History== ''Salvia divinorum'' is native to the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Mexico, where it is still used by the Mazatec, primarily to facilitate shamanic visions in the context of curing or divination. ''S. divinorum'' is one of several species with hallucinogenic properties that are ritually used by Mazatec shamans. Others include certain morning glory seeds (''Turbina corymbosa''), psilocybin mushrooms, and various coleus species. In their rituals, the shamans use only fresh ''S. divinorum'' leaves. They see the plant as an incarnation of the Virgin Mary, and begin the ritual with an invocation to Mary, Saint Peter, the Holy Trinity, and other saints.〔 Ritual use traditionally involves being in a quiet place after ingestion of the leaf—the Maztec shamans say that "La Maria (''S. divinorum'') speaks with a quiet voice."〔 It is also used remedially at lower dosages as a diuretic, and to treat ailments including diarrhea, anemia, headaches, rheumatism, and a semi-magical disease known as ''panzón de borrego'', or a swollen belly (literally, "lamb belly").〔〔Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983.〕 The history of the plant is not well known, and there has been no definitive answer to the question of its origin. Speculation includes ''Salvia divinorum'' being a wild plant native to the area; a cultigen of the Mazatecs; or a cultigen introduced by another indigenous group. Botanists have also not been able to determine whether it is a hybrid or a cultigen.〔Marushia 2002, p. 6.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Salvia divinorum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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